References

Baird, Robert D. 1986. 'Swami Bhaktivedanta and the Bhagavad-gita 'As It Is'', in Robert N. Minor, Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad-gita. New York: SUNY, pp.200-21

Bromley, David & Larry D. Shinn, eds. 1989. Krishna Consciousness in the West. Lewisburg: Associated University Presses

Brooks, Charles R. 1989. The Hare Krishnas in India. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Gelberg, Steven J. (Subhananda dasa)
ed. 1983 Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: Five Distinguished Scholars on the Krishna Movement in the West. New York: Grove Press
1985 'ISKCON after Prabhupada', ISKCON Review, 1:1, p.7-14
1988. 'The fading of utopia: ISKCON in transition', The Bulletin of the John Ryland's University Library of Manchester
1989. 'Exploring an alternative reality: Spiritual life in ISKCON', in David Bromley & Larry D. Shinn, eds. Krishna Consciousness in the West, pp.135-62

Gods of the New Age, Rivershield Film Production.

Goswami, Satsvarupa dasa, Srila Prabhupada-lilamrita, 6 vols, Los Angeles, Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
1980. Planting the Seed: New York City, 1965-6 (Vol. 2)
1981. Only He Could Lead Them: San Francisco/India, 1967 (Vol. 3)
1982. In Every Town and Village: Around the World, 1968-71 (Vol. 4)
1983(a). Uniting Two Worlds: Around the World/Return to Vrindavana, 1975-7 (Vol. 6) 1983(b). Prabhupada: He Built a House In Which the Whole World Can Live. Los Angeles, Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
1986. Guru Reform Notebook, Washington D.C., Gita-nagari Press

Hayagriva dasa. 1985. The Hare Krishna Explosion: The Birth of Krishna Consciousness in America, 1966-9, Palace Press

Herman, A. L. 1991. A Brief Introduction to Hinduism: Religion, Philosophy and Ways of Liberation. Boulder: Westview Press

Hopkins, Thomas. 1989. 'The social and religious background for transmission of Gaudiya Vaishnavism to the West', in David Bromley & Larry D. Shinn, eds. Krishna Consciousness in the West, pp.35-54

Klostermaier, Klaus. 1980. 'Will India's past be America's future? Reflections on the Chaitanya Movement and its potential', Journal of Asian and African Studies, 15:1-2, pp.94-103

Knott, Kim. 1993. 'Problems in the interpretation of Vedic literature: The perennial battle between the scholar and the devotee', ISKCON Communications Journal, 2, pp.51-6

Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami.
1977. The Science of Self-Realisation. Los Angeles, Bhaktivedanta Book Trust
1982. Bhagavad-gita As It Is . Los Angeles, Bhaktivedanta Book Trust.

Prabhupadanugas. 1993. Our Living Guru. 1995, Back to Prabhupada, 1.

Ravindra-Svarupa dasa.
1984. Encounter with the Lord of the Universe: Collected Essays 1978-83. Washington D. C., Gita-nagari Press
1989, 'Patterns in ISKCON's historical self-perception', in David Bromley & Larry D. Shinn, eds. Krishna Consciousness in the West, pp.55-75

Rochford, E. Burke. 1985. Hare Krishna in America, New Brunswick: Rutgers. University Press

Rosen, Steven J. ed. 1992. Vaishnavism: Contemporary Scholars Discuss the Gaudiya Tradition. New York: Folk Books

Sharpe, Eric J. 1985. The Universal Gita: Western Images of the Bhagavad-gita. London: Duckworth

Shinn, Larry D. 1987. The Dark Lord: Cult Images and the Hare Krishnas in America. Philadelphia: The Westview Press

Young, Katherine. 1985. 'Response to papers'. ISKCON Review, 1:1, pp.29-33

 

Footnotes

1. I have used the various names for the founder of ISKCON, generally using 'Prabhupada', though preferring 'Bhaktivedanta Swami' for specific reference to his early years and for references by scholarly commentators, and 'Srila Prabhupada' for devotional references by disciples.
   
    
2. These instructions were that Bhaktivedanta Swami should preach Lord Caitanya's message around the world (1922), that he should print books (1935) and that he could and should become an able preacher (1936) (Goswami, 1983(b), Introduction).
   
    
3.  See also Goswami (1981: 52) in a letter from Srila Prabhupada to his disciples in New York in January 1967, 'I understand you are feeling my absence... Physical presence is immaterial; presence of the transcendental sound received from the spiritual master should be guidance through life'.
   
    
4.  See also Our Living Guru (Prabhupadanugas, 1993).
   
    
5. The practice of offering worship to a guru is an important part of Vaishnava religious practice and is witnessed in the daily guru-puja to Prabhupada in ISKCON temples and the annual Vyasa-puja celebration (Gelberg, 1989). The question that arose in 1986 was whether the post-Prabhupada gurus were worthy of worship on the grounds of their own spiritual attainment.
   
    
6.  In 1996 there were some eighty men holding office as diksha or initiating gurus (telephone conversation, ISKCON's European Communications Director, Shaunaka Rishi dasa).
   
    
7.  For details of the spiritual succession (the Brahma sampradaya) see Prabhupada, 1982, p.29.
   
    
8. For the purposes of ISKCON see Goswami (1980:132-2) and for its basic beliefs see the Krishna Consciousness Handbook quoted in Shinn (1987:80-1).
   
    
9.  Klostermaier (1980), Cox (Gelberg, 1985) and no doubt Hopkins himself would have seen part of Prabhupada's success as attributable to the context of American religion and society in general and its youth culture in particular.

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